Geopolítica pandémica: discutiendo globalización, fronteras y seguridad en tiempos de Covid-19

Resumo

La pandemia de coronavirus ha tenido un gran impacto en el contexto político, social y económico de países de todo el mundo. Como es sabido, la estrategia adoptada por los gobiernos nacionales de muchos de los países para frenar la propagación del COVID-19 consistió en gran medida en imponer severas restricciones a la movilidad tanto internacional como intranacional. En este artículo se analizan a) las implicaciones espaciales de este resurgimiento de las fronteras en el contexto del prolongado discurso mundial sobre la globalización, y b) el uso de una metáfora bélica para enmarcar (y dar sentido) a la situación actual. Como proceso desigual y asimétrico, la globalización ha afectado a la forma de concebir, construir discursivamente y gestionar las fronteras. En las dos últimas décadas se ha producido un cambio tecnológico en la forma de controlar las fronteras —y la movilidad transfronteriza— y se ha hecho mucho hincapié en el discurso de la segurización de las fronteras como baluartes contra los efectos negativos de la globalización, como el terrorismo internacional, la inmigración ilegal y las enfermedades infecciosas. En la actual pandemia, se argumenta, esto ha llevado a una proliferación de fronteras y prácticas fronterizas a diferentes escalas, reforzando las fronteras preexistentes o creando otras nuevas.

Referências

Agnew, J. (1994). The territorial trap: the geographical assumptions of international relations

theory. Review of International Political Economy, 1(1), 53-80.

Agnew, J, (2008). Borders on the mind: re-framing border thinking. Ethics & Global

Politics, 1(4), 175-191.

Amoore, L. (2006). Biometric borders: Governing mobilities in the war on terror. Political

geography, 25(3), 336-351.

Baekgaard, M., Christensen, J., Madsen, J. K., & Mikkelsen, K. S. (2020). Rallying

around the flag in times of COVID-19: Societal lockdown and trust in democratic

institutions. Journal of Behavioral Public Administration, 3(2).

Balibar, E. (2002). Politics and the Other Scene. London: Verso.

Bandiera, G. (2020). Barriere Geografiche: Confini Versus Frontiere. Significatività e

Impatto Post COVID-19. Documenti Geografici, 1, 293-305.

Bauman, Z. (2002), Reconnaissance wars of the planetary frontierland, Theory, Culture

& Society, 19(4), 81-90.

Bauman, Z. (2004). Europe: An unfinished adventure. Cambridge: Polity.

Bauman, Z. (2018). La società sotto assedio. Roma: Laterza.

Bol, D., Giani, M., Blais, A., & Loewen, P. J. (2020). The effect of COVID‐19 lockdowns

on political support: Some good news for democracy? European Journal of Political

Research, 60(2), 497-505.

Ceglowski, J. (1998). Has Globalization Created A Borderless World?. Business Review,

-27.

Chung, C. K. L., Xu, J., & Zhang, M. (2020). Geographies of Covid-19: how space and

virus shape each other. Asian Geographer, 37(2), 99-116.

Diener, A. C., & Hagen, J. (2009). Theorizing borders in a ‘borderless world’: Globalization,

territory and identity. Geography Compass, 3(3), 1196-1216.

Enemark, C. (2009). Is Pandemic Flu a Security Threat? Survival, 51(1), 191-214.

Florida, R. (2005). The World is Spiky. Globalization has changed the economic playing

field, but hasn’t leveled it. Atlantic monthly, 296(3), 48-51.

Harvey, D. (1989). The condition of postmodernity. Oxford: Blackwell.

Heine, J., & Thakur, R. (2011). The dark side of globalization. Tokyo: UNU Press.

Iwuoha, J. C., & Jude-Iwuoha, A. U. (2020). COVID-19: Challenge to SDG and globalization.

Electronic Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2, 103-115.

Johnson, C., & Jones, R. (2016). Where is the Border? In C. Johnson & R. Jones. (Eds.),

Placing the border in everyday life (pp. 17-28). London: Routledge.

Jones, R. (2011). Border security, 9/11 and the enclosure of civilisation. The Geographical

Journal, 177(3), 213-217.

Katz, R., & Singer, D. A. (2007). Health and security in foreign policy. Bulletin of the

World Health Organization, 85, 233-234.

Lequesne, C. (2016). French foreign and security challenges after the Paris terrorist attacks.

Contemporary Security Policy, 37(2), 306-318.

Mas-Coma, S., Jones, M. K., & Marty, A. M. (2020). COVID-19 and globalization. One

Health, 9.

Newman, D. (2006). Borders and Bordering. Towards an Interdisciplinary Dialogue.

European Journal of Social Theory, 9(2), 171–186.

Newman, D., & Paasi, A. (1998). Fences and neighbours in the postmodern world: boundary

narratives in political geography. Progress in human geography, 22(2), 186-207.

Pain, R. (2009). Globalized fear? Towards an emotional geopolitics. Progress in Human

Geography, 33(4), 466–486

Popescu, G. (2012). Bordering and Ordering the Twenty-first Century. Understanding

Borders. Plymouth: Rowman & Littlefield.

Radil, S.M., Pinos, J.C. & Ptak, T. (2020). Borders resurgent: towards a post-Covid-19

global border regime? Space and Polity, 1-9.

Ritaine, E. (2016). La barrière et le checkpoint : mise en politique de l’asymétrie. Cultures

& Conflits, (73), 15-33.

Sabucedo, J. M., Alzate, M., & Hur, D. (2020). COVID-19 and the metaphor of war

(COVID-19 y la metáfora de la guerra). International Journal of Social Psychology,

(3), 618-624.

Saunders, R. A. (2012). Undead spaces: Fear, globalisation, and the popular geopolitics

of zombiism. Geopolitics, 17(1), 80-104.

Schraff, D. (2020). Political trust during the Covid‐19 pandemic: Rally around the flag

or lockdown effects? European journal of political research.

Sforza, A., & Steininger, M. (2020). Globalization in the Time of COVID-19. CESifo

Working Paper, (8184), 1-25.

Sparke, M. (2013). Introducing Globalization. Ties, Tensions, and Uneven Integration.

Hoboken: Wiley.

Steger, M. (2017). Globalisation. A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University

Press.

Steger, M., & James, P. (2020). Disjunctive globalization in the era of the Great Unsettling.

Theory, Culture & Society, 37(7-8), 187-203

Sułkowski, Ł. (2020). Covid-19 Pandemic; Recession, Virtual Revolution Leading to

De-globalization? Journal of Intercultural Management, 12(1), 1-11.

Tedeschi, M. (2020). The body and the law across borders during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Dialogues in Human Geography, 10(2), 178-181.

Zalman, A., & Clarke, J. (2009). The Global War on Terror: A Narrative in Need of a

Rewrite. Ethics & International Affairs, 23(2), 101-113.

Zimmermann, K. F., Karabulut, G., Huseyin Bilgin, M., & Cansin Doker, A. (2020).

Inter‐country Distancing, Globalization and the Coronavirus Pandemic. The World

Economy, 43(6), 1484–1498.

Zylberman, P. (2013). Tempêtes Microbiennes. Paris : Gallimard.