A World in Transition? Debate on the Role of soft Power in the Future of global Governance

Resumo

En este paper debatimos sobre el futuro de la gobernanza global y, en general, del orden global. En particular, queremos resaltar el papel preponderante que tendrá el llamado soft power en este proceso. Para hacer esto, primero analizamos el significado de la gobernanza global y sus límites; en un segundo momento, el significado de los términos soft power y power transition, y luego valoramos los posibles impactos futuros que las llamadas «potencias emergentes», especialmente el grupo BRICS (Brasil, Rusia,
India, China y Sudáfrica), tendrán sobre estos aspectos de nuestra realidad. Si, por un lado, Occidente parece estar cada vez más en crisis, por el otro, de hecho, estos países están tratando de proponerse como modelos por seguir para el futuro. En este sentido, los BRICS invierten mucho en soft power para volverse más confiables a los ojos, especialmente, de los países que han desempeñado un papel marginal en las relaciones internacionales, como los del Sur Global. En la parte final, intentamos evaluar qué posibles consecuencias puede tener esta situación para el futuro de la gobernanza global y, en general, de las relaciones internacionales.

Referências

AA.VV. (2012). Le monde n’a plus de temps à perdre. Appel pour une gouvernance mondiale

et responsable. Éditions Les Liens qui Libèrent.

AA.VV. (2012). Où va le monde ? 2012-2022 : une décennie au devant des catastrophes.

Paris: Fayard.

Acharya, A. (2014). The End of American World Order. Polity Press.

Annan K. (9 de noviembre, 2009). Problems without Passports. Foreign Policy. http://

foreignpolicy.com/2009/11/09/problems-without-passports/.

Arrighi, G. & Silver, B.J. (1999). Chaos and Governance in the Modern World System.

University of Minnesota Press.

Bäckstrand, K., & O. Elgström. (2013). The EU’s role in climate change negotiations:

from leader to ‘leadiator’. Journal of European Public Policy, 20(10), 1369-1386. DOI

:10.1080/13501763.2013.781781

Basso L. & Viola E. (2016). Wandering Decarbonization: The BRIC Countries as Conservative

Climate Powers. Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, 59(1), 1-22.

Beeson, M. & Xu, S. (2016). Leadership with Chinese Characteristics: What Role for

Soft Power? En S. Kingah and C. Quiliconi (Eds.), Global and Regional Leadership

of BRICS Countries, 11, 169-188, United Nations University Series on Regionalism.

Bond, P. & Garcia, A. (Eds.) (2015). BRICS: an anti-capitalist critique. Pluto Press.

BRIC (2009). Joint Statement of the BRIC Countries Leaders, 1st BRIC Summit Yekaterinburg

on June16. http://en.kremlin.ru/supplement/209

Cassese, S. (2002). La crisi dello Stato. Editori Laterza, Roma-Bari.

Francesco Petrone  ¿UN MUNDO EN TRANSICIÓN? DEBATE SOBRE EL ROL DEL SOFT POWER EN EL FUTURO

DE LA GOBERNANZA GLOBAL

Chatin, M., y Gallarotti G. (2016). The BRICS and soft power: an introduction. Journal

of Political Power, 9(3), 335-352. DOI: 10.1080/2158379X.2016.1232284

Commission on Global Governance (1995). Our Global Neighborhood. University Press.

Downie C. y Williams M. (2018). After the Paris Agreement: What Role for the BRICS

in Global Climate Governance? En Global Policy, 9(3), 398-407.

Commission on Global Governance (1995). Our Global Neighbourhood. University

Press.

Falk, R. (1995). On Human Governance. Toward a New Global Politics. Polity Press.

Friedrichs, J. (2005). Global Governance as the hegemonic project of transatlantic civil

society. En Lederer M. y Muller, P. (Eds) Criticizing Global Governance. Basingstoke

and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Friedrichs J. (2009). Global governance as liberal hegemony, en Jim Whitman (Ed.),

Global Governance. Palgrave Macmillan, 105-122.

Fukuyama F. (2003). La fine della Storia e l’ultimo uomo. Milano: Rizzoli.

Gilpin, R. (1981). War and Change in World Politics. New York: Cambridge University

Press.

Hale T., Held D. & Young K. (2013). Gridlock: why global cooperation is failing when we

need it most. Polity Press.

Iacovino A. (2005). Teorizzare la Governance. Governabilità ai tempi del globale. Aracne

Editore.

Ikenberry, J.G. & Wright, T. (2008). Rising Powers and Global Institutions. A Century

Foundation Report. The Century Foundation.

Jacobs, A. (2012). Pursuing Soft Power, China Puts Stamp on Africa’s News. The New

York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/17/world/africa/chinas-news-media-

make-inroads-in-africa.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss

Hermet, G. (2008). Populismo, democracia y buena gobernanza. Barcelona: El Viejo Topo.

Hurrell, A. & Sengupta, S. (2012). Emerging powers, North–South relations and global

climate politics. International Affairs, 88(3), 463–484.

Kennedy, P. M. (1987). The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military

Conflict from 1500 to 2000. Random House.

Kosolapova E. (12 de septiembre, 2017). BRICS Commit to Cooperate on SDGs, Climate

Change. SDG Knowledge Hub. http://sdg.iisd.org/news/brics-commit-to-cooperate-

on-sdgs-climate-change/

Kroger, S. (2008). Nothing but consultation: The place of organized civil society in EU

policy- making across policies. European Governance Papers, No. C-08-03.

Layne, C. (2012). This time it’s real: The end of unipolarity and the Pax Americana. International

Studies Quarterly, 56(1), 203-213.

Mandelbum, M. (2016). Mission Failure: America and the World in the Post-Cold War

Era. Oxford: University Press.

Meade, N. (2018). Trump’s Cuts In Climate-Change Research Spark a Global Scramble

For Funds. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/trumpscuts-

in-climate-change-research-spark-a-global-scramble-for-funds

Morten, S.L. & Gramer, R. (19 de marzo, 2020). China Casts Itself as Global Savior

While U.S. and EU Focus on Virus at Home. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.

com/2020/03/19/china-us-eu-coronavirus-great-power-competition/.

Ninio, M. (17 de marzo, 2020). China sai da defensiva e reivindica liderança global

contra coronavirus. O Globo. https://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/china-sai-da-defensiva-

reivindica-lideranca-global-contra-coronavirus-24309202

Nye, J.S. (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public

Affairs.

O’Neill, J. (2001). Building Better Global Economic BRICs. Goldman Sachs Global Economic

Paper No. 66.

Petrone, F. (2020). Three Ways to Explore the BRICS (Possible) Impact on the Future

Global Order. The Rest: Journal of Politics and Development, 10(2), 6-20.

Petrone, F. (2020). What If Soft Power Becomes the New “Weapon” for World Leadership?

Considerations on the Debate in Relation to the New World Order. RAIS Conference

Proceedings, Johns Hopkins University. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3909915

Petrone, F. (2019). BRICS, soft power and climate change: new challenges in global governance?

Ethics & Global Politics, 12 (2). DOI: 10.1080/16544951.2019.1611339

Rifkyn, J. (2004). Il sogno europeo. Come l’Europa ha creato una nuova visione del futuro

che sta lentamente eclissando il sogno americano. Milano: Mondadori.

Roca, J. M. (2009). La reacción conservadora. Los “Neocons” y el capitalismo salvaje. Madrid:

La linterna Sorda.

Ross, A. (2018). How Russia moved into Central Africa. Reuters. https://www.reuters.

com/article/us-africa-russia-insight/how-russia-moved-into-central-africa-idUSKCN1MR0KA

Shukla, A. (2018). China’s Xi offers $60 billion aid; move to curb Indian presence in

Africa. International Business Times. https://www.ibtimes.co.in/chinas-xi-offers-60-

billion-aid-move-curb-indian-presence-africa-779604

Stiglitz, J.E. (2002). Globalization and its discontents. London: Penguin.

Strange, S. (1996). The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy.

Cambridge: University Press.

Stuenkel, O. (2016). Post-Western World How Emerging Powers Are Remaking Global

Order. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Thakur, R. (2014). How representative are BRICS? Third World Quarterly, 35 (10), 1791-

Wallerstein I. (1974). The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins

of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York Academic Press.

Waltz K. (1979). Theory of International Politics. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Weisbrot, M. y Johnston, J. (2016). Voting Share Reform at the IMF: Will It Make a

Difference? Center for Economic and Policy Research. http://cepr.net/images/stories/

reports/IMF-voting-shares-2016-04.pdf

Weiss, T. G. (2003). The illusion of UN Security Council reform. The Washington Quarterly,

(4), 147-161.

Weiss T. G. (2013). Global Governance: Why? What? Whither? Cambridge: Polity Press.

Zolo, D. (2006). La giustizia dei vincitori. Da Norimberga a Baghdad. Roma-Bari: Laterza

edit.